The design, building, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It's the principle system for sample recognition, monitoring, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment on the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to 90 m three and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field parallel to its axis. In this paper we describe in detail the design issues for this detector for operation within the extreme multiplicity surroundings of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energy. The implementation of the resulting necessities into hardware (field cage, learn-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gasoline and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software program led to many technical improvements that are described along with a presentation of all the major components of the detector, as at present realized. We additionally report on the efficiency achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and demonstrate outcomes near these specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.
ALICE ‘central barrel’, for tracking of charged particles and iTagPro particle identification. The primary purpose of the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass power of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The ensuing detector alternative was a big-volume TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out however with nearly all other design parameters past the cutting-edge. This manuscript describes intimately the resulting detector and outlines the path from design considerations to construction and commissioning. In outline the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic field. The detector iTagPro shop is full of a counting gas consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric pressure. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the fuel. The ionization electrons drift, beneath the influence of the electric subject, to the endplates of the cylinder, where their arrival point within the cylinder aircraft is exactly measured.
The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the dedication of the primary and secondary vertices and iTagPro shop precision tracking of low-momentum particles. On the outside the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array gives pion, kaon, and proton identification. In addition, there are three single-arm detectors: the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for high-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet beforehand utilized by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and iTagPro shop homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling strategy. The technique to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small take a look at setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs can be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops several levels beneath the specified TPC working gasoline temperature. Furthermore, it was proven that the body cooling loops are required to determine stable equilibrium values of the gasoline operating temperature. The response of the leakless plant to the sudden appearance of a major leak, e.g. the inadvertent removing of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been tested employing specifically made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have approximately the identical properties as a real sector when it comes to silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the pressure distribution of the water is just like a real sector. 0.7, as the results of an optimization process, however shall be a topic of further investigation. Figure eighty one shows the TPC signal of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, itagpro bluetooth from 8.Three million events.
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